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This page discusses the details of reading, writing, creating, and opening files. There are a wide array of file I/O methods to choose from. To help make sense of the API, the following diagram arranges the file I/O methods by complexity.

1734-4IOL 4 Channel IO-Link Master RS232 ASCII Interface Module RS485/422 ASCII Interface Module 1734-VHSC24 24V DC VHSC w/ Source Output Module 1734-VHSC5 5V DC VHSC w/ Source Output Module 24V DC Incremental Encoder Module 1734-IJ 5V DC Incremental Encoder Module 1734-SSI SSI Absolute Encoder Interface Module 1734-ARM Address Reserve Module.

On the far left of the diagram are the utility methods readAllBytes, readAllLines, and the write methods, designed for simple, common cases. To the right of those are the methods used to iterate over a stream or lines of text, such as newBufferedReader, newBufferedWriter, then newInputStream and newOutputStream. These methods are interoperable with the java.io package. To the right of those are the methods for dealing with ByteChannels, SeekableByteChannels, and ByteBuffers, such as the newByteChannel method. Finally, on the far right are the methods that use FileChannel for advanced applications needing file locking or memory-mapped I/O.

This page has the following topics:

The OpenOptions Parameter

Several of the methods in this section take an optional OpenOptions parameter. This parameter is optional and the API tells you what the default behavior is for the method when none is specified.

The following StandardOpenOptions enums are supported:

• WRITE – Opens the file for write access.
• APPEND – Appends the new data to the end of the file. This option is used with the WRITE or CREATE options.
• TRUNCATE_EXISTING – Truncates the file to zero bytes. This option is used with the WRITE option.
• CREATE_NEW – Creates a new file and throws an exception if the file already exists.
• CREATE – Opens the file if it exists or creates a new file if it does not.
• DELETE_ON_CLOSE – Deletes the file when the stream is closed. This option is useful for temporary files.
• SPARSE – Hints that a newly created file will be sparse. This advanced option is honored on some file systems, such as NTFS, where large files with data 'gaps' can be stored in a more efficient manner where those empty gaps do not consume disk space.
• SYNC – Keeps the file (both content and metadata) synchronized with the underlying storage device.
• DSYNC – Keeps the file content synchronized with the underlying storage device.

Commonly Used Methods for Small Files

Reading All Bytes or Lines from a File

If you have a small-ish file and you would like to read its entire contents in one pass, you can use the readAllBytes(Path) or readAllLines(Path, Charset) method. These methods take care of most of the work for you, such as opening and closing the stream, but are not intended for handling large files. The following code shows how to use the readAllBytes method:

Writing All Bytes or Lines to a File

You can use one of the write methods to write bytes, or lines, to a file.

The following code snippet shows how to use a write method.

Buffered I/O Methods for Text Files

The java.nio.file package supports channel I/O, which moves data in buffers, bypassing some of the layers that can bottleneck stream I/O.

Reading a File by Using Buffered Stream I/O

The newBufferedReader(Path, Charset) method opens a file for reading, returning a BufferedReader that can be used to read text from a file in an efficient manner.

The following code snippet shows how to use the newBufferedReader method to read from a file. The file is encoded in 'US-ASCII.'

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Writing a File by Using Buffered Stream I/O

You can use the newBufferedWriter(Path, Charset, OpenOption...) method to write to a file using a BufferedWriter.

The following code snippet shows how to create a file encoded in 'US-ASCII' using this method:

Methods for Unbuffered Streams and Interoperable with java.io APIs

Reading a File by Using Stream I/O

To open a file for reading, you can use the newInputStream(Path, OpenOption...) method. This method returns an unbuffered input stream for reading bytes from the file.

Creating and Writing a File by Using Stream I/O

You can create a file, append to a file, or write to a file by using the newOutputStream(Path, OpenOption...) method. This method opens or creates a file for writing bytes and returns an unbuffered output stream.

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The method takes an optional OpenOption parameter. If no open options are specified, and the file does not exist, a new file is created. If the file exists, it is truncated. This option is equivalent to invoking the method with the CREATE and TRUNCATE_EXISTING options.

The following example opens a log file. If the file does not exist, it is created. If the file exists, it is opened for appending.

Methods for Channels and ByteBuffers

Reading and Writing Files by Using Channel I/O

While stream I/O reads a character at a time, channel I/O reads a buffer at a time. The ByteChannel interface provides basic read and write functionality. A SeekableByteChannel is a ByteChannel that has the capability to maintain a position in the channel and to change that position. A SeekableByteChannel also supports truncating the file associated with the channel and querying the file for its size.

The capability to move to different points in the file and then read from or write to that location makes random access of a file possible. See Random Access Files for more information.

There are two methods for reading and writing channel I/O.

Both newByteChannel methods enable you to specify a list of OpenOption options. The same open options used by the newOutputStream methods are supported, in addition to one more option: READ is required because the SeekableByteChannel supports both reading and writing.

Specifying READ opens the channel for reading. Specifying WRITE or APPEND opens the channel for writing. If none of these options is specified, the channel is opened for reading.

The following code snippet reads a file and prints it to standard output:

The following example, written for UNIX and other POSIX file systems, creates a log file with a specific set of file permissions. This code creates a log file or appends to the log file if it already exists. The log file is created with read/write permissions for owner and read only permissions for group.

Methods for Creating Regular and Temporary Files

Creating Files

You can create an empty file with an initial set of attributes by using the createFile(Path, FileAttribute<?>) method. For example, if, at the time of creation, you want a file to have a particular set of file permissions, use the createFile method to do so. If you do not specify any attributes, the file is created with default attributes. If the file already exists, createFile throws an exception.

In a single atomic operation, the createFile method checks for the existence of the file and creates that file with the specified attributes, which makes the process more secure against malicious code.

The following code snippet creates a file with default attributes:

POSIX File Permissions has an example that uses createFile(Path, FileAttribute<?>) to create a file with pre-set permissions.

You can also create a new file by using the newOutputStream methods, as described in Creating and Writing a File using Stream I/O. If you open a new output stream and close it immediately, an empty file is created.

Creating Temporary Files

You can create a temporary file using one of the following createTempFile methods:

The first method allows the code to specify a directory for the temporary file and the second method creates a new file in the default temporary-file directory. Both methods allow you to specify a suffix for the filename and the first method allows you to also specify a prefix. The following code snippet gives an example of the second method:

The result of running this file would be something like the following:

The specific format of the temporary file name is platform specific.

除了正常的HTTP请求外，我们还可以使用WebSocket连接到服务器。WebSocket允许与服务器进行双向通信而无需轮询。

在这个例子中，我们将连接到由websocket.org提供的测试服务器。服务器将简单地返回我们发送给它的相同消息！

步骤

1. 连接到WebSocket服务器。
2. 监听来自服务器的消息。
3. 将数据发送到服务器。
4. 关闭WebSocket连接。

1. 连接到WebSocket服务器

web_socket_channelpackage 提供了我们需要连接到WebSocket服务器的工具.

该package提供了一个WebSocketChannel允许我们既可以监听来自服务器的消息，又可以将消息发送到服务器的方法。

在Flutter中，我们可以创建一个WebSocketChannel连接到一台服务器：

2. 监听来自服务器的消息

现在我们建立了连接，我们可以监听来自服务器的消息，在我们发送消息给测试服务器之后，它会返回相同的消息。

我们如何收取消息并显示它们？在这个例子中，我们将使用一个StreamBuilder Widget来监听新消息，并用一个Text Widget来显示它们。

这是如何工作的?

WebSocketChannel提供了一个来自服务器的消息Stream 。

该Stream类是dart:async包中的一个基础类。它提供了一种方法来监听来自数据源的异步事件。与Future返回单个异步响应不同，Stream类可以随着时间推移传递很多事件。

该StreamBuilder Widget将连接到一个Stream，并在每次收到消息时通知Flutter重新构建界面。

3. 将数据发送到服务器

为了将数据发送到服务器，我们会add消息给WebSocketChannel提供的sink。

这是如何工作的？

WebSocketChannel提供了一个StreamSink，它将消息发给服务器。

StreamSink类提供了给数据源同步或异步添加事件的一般方法。

4. 关闭WebSocket连接

在我们使用WebSocket后，要关闭连接：

完整的例子